What are these, and why are these things significant?

1.The three main bases of Western Civilization
2.The Fall of Constantinople
3.The Hundred Years War
4.The Great Chain of Being
5.The nation and the state
6.The Black Death
7.The longbow, the pike, and gunpowder
8.Henry the Navigator
9.Vasco de Gama
10.The Reconquista
11.Columbus
12.Ferdinand Magellan
13.The Treaty of Tordesillas
14.The Maya, the Aztec, and the Inca
15.Conquistadores
16.Encomiendas
17.Bartolome de las Casas
18.Potosi
19.The Battle of Lepanto
20.Charles V
21.Major colonies of Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands
22.The Spice Islands
23.Triangular Trade
24.The Middle Passage
25.Mercantilism
26.Petrarch
27.The de Medici family
28.Florence
29.da Vinci, Michaelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, Brunellesci, Dürer
30.Dante, Shakespeare, the Decameron, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More
31.The Courtier and The Prince
32.Gutenberg
33.Renaissance Art
34.Humanism
35.The Great Schism
36.The Western Schism
37.Excommunication
38.Purgatory
39.Indulgences
40.Conciliarism
41.John Wycliffe and John Huss
42.The Council of Constance
43.Johann Tetzel
44.Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
45.The Diet of Worms
46.The Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' Revolt
47.Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox
48.The Anabaptists
49.The Peace of Augsburg
50.The French Wars of Religion
51.Catherine de Medici
52.The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
53.Henry of Navarre
54.The Edict of Nantes
55.the Catholic Reformation
56.the Jesuits, the Index, the Vulgate
57.Baroque Art
58.Where were major religious groups concentrated?
59.The Wars of the Roses
60.The Houses of Lancaster, York, and Tudor
61.Henry VIII and his wives
62.The Church of England
63.The Act of Supremacy
64.Cardinal Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer
65.Bloody Mary
66.Queen Elizabeth
67.Sir Francis Drake
68.The Invincible Armada
69.The Hapsburgs
70.The Thirty Years' War
71.Gustavus Adolphus
72.The Peace of Westphalia
73.The Netherlands
74.The Eighty Years' War
75.The Ming and the Manchu
76.Japan during the Age of Exploration
77.India
78.Asante
79.Boers
80.Parliament
81.The Estates-General
82.The French and Indian War

What brought about the end of the Middle Ages and ushered in the modern world?

Be prepared to identify major countries on Early Modern Europe on a map.