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how to make a lot of money on amazon
1.
booker t. washington: african-american
educator who believed the best way for african-americans to get
ahead was to get a vocational education and achieve economic
success without demanding immediate social change. his ideas are
sometimes called the atlanta compromise after a speech he gave
in
2.
andrew carnegie: steel manufacturer whose
workers struck in the homestead strike and were opposed by his
business partner henry clay frick.
carnegie believed that the rich had earned their wealth,
but had an obligation to use it to help society, an idea known
as the gospel of wealth, after his essay, 'wealth.' he gave away 90% of
his vast fortune.
3.
sojourner truth: african-american woman
who opposed slavery and demanded women's rights. she gave a famous
speech entitled 'ain't i a woman,' connecting the ideas of
slavery and women's inequality, and calling on victorian ideas
of protecting women to do so.
4.
jane addams:
woman
who managed hull house, a settlement house in
5.
jacob riis: author of how the other half lives
and other works of photo-journalism, exposing the misery and
filth of
6.
cornelius vanderbilt: made a fortune in
transportation--steamboats and railroads. he was the richest man
in the world when he died in 1885.
he gave money to a university in
7.
george westinghouse: developed the air
brake, making trains easier and safer to stop, thus letting
railroads run longer trains and run them at higher speeds. he also created one of
the first and most influential electric companies in competition
with thomas edison.
8.
george pullman: developed the sleeper car
so that people could sleep in beds during long trips. he made other
improvements to railroad cars as well. in 1894 there was a major
strike at the company town of
9.
milton hershey: developed shelf-stable
chocolate that could keep a long time and be transported long
distances. he
treated his workers well and left much of his fortune to a
charitable trust that, among other things, takes care of the
welfare of hershey company town residents today.
10.eleuthère irénée du
pont and the du pont family: founded
and ran a major gunpowder company that later produced many other
chemicals.
11.alexander graham bell: invented the telephone
while trying to find a way to help the deaf; founded the bell
telephone company, which later merged to form the american
telephone & telegraph company.
12.thomas edison: patented the first
useful electric light and over a thousand other things, largely
through the use of the first research company at
13.john d. rockefeller: founded standard oil
company and became the richest man in the world at the time
through horizontal integration (monopolisation) of the oil
industry.
14.philip armour: founded a meat-packing
company based on assembly lines.
15.gustavus swift: founded a meat-packing
company and developed refrigerated railroad cars.
16.the dawes act (1887): law passed to give
american indian lands to individual indians, allowing the extra
reservation lands to be sold off.
the idea was to force indians to give up tribal lands,
government, and culture.
17.black friday (1869): scandal during the
grant administration when jay gould and jim fisk tried to corner
the gold market (with the help of members of grant's
government), nearly destabilising the economy.
18.credit mobilier: a company created to
build the union pacific railroad that then overcharged the union
pacific (which also owned credit mobilier), which passed the
costs on to the us government, making profits for the owners and
for congressmen who were bribed.
it came to light during the grant administration, and was
another of many scandals that hurt his reputation.
19.whiskey ring: scandal during the
grant administration during which politicians stole whiskey
excise tax money.
20.tammany hall: democratic political
machine that controlled
21.civil service reform: the idea that
government jobs should be awarded based upon merit rather than
the spoils system (rewards for political work). this idea began to be
put into force after the assassination of president garfield by
a disappointed office-seeker.
it was the cause of a major split in the republican party
between the reforming half-breeds (later mugwumps, later
progressives) and the conservative stalwarts.
22.granger laws: laws passed by
politicians supported by farmers' groups the grangers. most of them were
attempts to regulate the railroads.
23.interstate commerce act (1887): created the interstate
commerce commission to regulate transportation. it was weak at first,
but later was able to regulate the railroads (and later other
forms of transportation) effectively.
24.frederick jackson turner's frontier
thesis: according to turner,
in
25.social darwinism: the application of
26.the
27.the spanish-american war (1898): yellow journalists
(sensationalist newspaper publishers) encouraged a war with
spain to protect the peoples of spain's colonies, expand
american trade (by providing coaling stations, opening markets,
and protecting american businesses in spain's colonies), gain
territory (puerto rico, the philippines, guam, and guantanamo
bay), get revenge for the (probably accidental) sinking of uss maine, spread
anglo-saxon culture, and sell newspapers. this set a precedent
for
28.the
29.meat inspection act (1906) and pure food
and drug act (1906): regulated the medical and meat-packing
industries after the publication of upton sinclair's the jungle.
30.initiative:
progressive
idea of the people proposing a law.
31.referendum:
progressive
idea of the people voting on laws.
32.recall: progressive
idea of the people voting to remove an elected official from
office.
33.muckrakers:
writers
who tried to expose problems of their time (early 20th
century).
34.prohibition:
outlawing
alcohol. became law
nationwide with the ratification of the xviii amendment in 1919.
35.the 'perfect 36:' term used to honour
36.anne dallas
37.harry burn:
republican
state representative from
38.governor albert h. roberts: governor of
39.
40.w.e.b. dubois: author of the souls of black folk
who believed that african-americans should demand equality as
soon as possible. helped
found the national association for the advancement of colored
people (naacp). frequently
disagreed with booker t washington.
41.marcus garvey: black nationalist and
black separatist of the early 20th century who
believed that black people should become economically
self-sufficient and eventually go back to africa to found their
own politically, socially, and economically independent nation. tried to create
black-owned businesses and clubs.
eventually arrested for mail fraud.
42.the lost generation: writers of the 1920s who
felt alienated by, and criticised, the consumerist middle-class
life of the time.
43.the treaty of
44.totalitarianism: a government that
seeks to exert total control over its citizens' lives, including
their beliefs, often through a cult of personality around a
leader. common in
fascist and communist dictatorships.
45.nationalism:
an
intense love for one's nation (often defined by ethnicity),
which can lead to prejudice and even aggression against members
of other nations (including ethnic minorities living in one's
own nation).
46.fascism:
an
ideology of extreme nationalism, frequently to the point of
racism, mixed with militarism.
examples include nazi germany and
47.communism: a belief that all property
should be owned by everyone.
particularly used by workers' movements to insist that
the means of production be owned by the people who worked with
them. karl marx
wrote that it could only be implemented by a bloody
dictatorship. theoretically
such a dictatorship would later fade away, but in reality, never
did peacefully. communist
revolutions overthrew the russian tsar in 1917 and the republic
of china in 1949. they
later tried to create spheres of influence to compete against
the
48.anti-semitism: hatred for jews as a race
(technically, hatred for arabs, too).
49.hoovervilles: shantytowns built by the
homeless during the depression.
named (as many things were) after hebert hoover, who was
president when the depression began.
50.the bonus army: a group of veterans who
marched to
51.social security: new deal pensions for the
elderly funded by a payroll tax.
52.wpa (works progress administration): new deal program to
create jobs, including for artists and writers, many of whom
decorated public buildings.
they also collected the stories of former slaves who were
still alive and could be interviewed.
53.tva (
54.indian reorganisation act (1934): also called the indian new
deal, it reversed the dawes act, protecting tribal lands and
recognising tribal governments.
55.fdic (federal deposit insurance
corporation): new deal program to insure
deposits in banks so that people could not lose their life
savings in a future bank failure.
56.ccc (civilian conservation corps): new deal program to create
jobs for young men working outdoors. they built parts and
part of the
57.wagner act/fair labour standards act: act passed during the new
deal to recognise the rights of unions to strike and bargain
collectively.
58.g.i. bill:
gave
loans to returning wwii veterans and helped many pay for
college.
59.
60.
61.cordell hull: tennessean who was secretary of state
for franklin roosevelt. helped
create the united nations.
62.
63.alcoa:
company
town built by the aluminum company of
64.eastman chemical company: a chemical company located
in
65.plessy v.
66.brown v. board: 1954 supreme court
case that declared that separate facilities in education were
inherently unequal; ordered desegregation with all deliberate
speed.
67.miranda v.
68.gideon v. wainwright: 1963 supreme court case
that determined that accused persons have a right to an attorney
while on trial and that the court must provide one for those who
cannot afford one.
69.escobedo v.
70.
71.the
72.governor frank clement: governor of
73.
74.
75.freedom riders: white and black people,
mostly students, who rode integrated busses into the south. some were from
76.
77.
78.martin luther king, junior's march to
79.the civil rights act (1964): outlawed many forms of
discrimination against blacks and women, including racial
segregation. it ended unequal application of voter registration
requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the
workplace, and by facilities that served the general public.
80.the civil rights act (1968): outlawed discrimination in
housing, including 'steering' (encouraging members of particular
races or ethnic groups to move into particularly neighbourhoods)
and 'redlining' (refusing to give loans to people seeking to buy
property in certain areas, often based on race or average
income).
81.the great society: lyndon johnson's efforts
to create and expand welfare programs.
82.the
83.brinksmanship: pushing an issue as
close to the brink of a crisis as possible in order to force the
other side to give in. however,
this means that threats must always get worse. during the cold war
this included seeming willing to go to nuclear war. it was part of both
sides' strategy during the cuban missile crisis.
84.the cuban missile crisis: crisis in 1962 when
america u-2 spy planes discovered that the
85.peaceful co-existence: khrushchev's stated policy
of trying to get along with the
86.strom thurmond: governor of
87.eugene 'bull' connor: commissioner of public
safety for the city of birmingham, alabama, he controlled the
police and fire department and used them to oppose the civil
rights movement in the early and mid-1960s, often violently.
88.george wallace: governor of
89.diane nash:
african-american
woman who, while a student at fisk university in nashville,
helped organise the nashville sit-ins, the student non-violent
coordinating committee, the first freedom ride, the birmingham
protests of 1963, and the selma marches of 1964.
90.betty friedan: author of the feminine mystique,
the most famous of her many works criticising the traditional
role of women in society, particularly the highly conformist
expectations of the 1950s and early 1960s.
91.martin luther king, junior: a major leader of the
civil rights movement who insisted on non-violence. he was assassinated in
92.malcolm x:
black
nationalist who was a member of the nation of islam until he
turned away from the idea of violence, after which he was
murdered.
93.stokely carmichael: member of sncc who came to
believe that non-violence was no long enough by the mid-1960s. he also tried to
cultivate a separate black identity and encouraged
african-americans to become economically independent from
whites.
94.albert gore, senior: senator from
95.the gulf of tonkin resolution: resolution passed by
congress in august, 1964 in response to north vietnamese attacks
on us navy vessels in the gulf of tonkin. it gave the president
almost unlimited power to make war without being an official
declaration of war.
96.the grand ole opry: one of the oldest radio
programs in the world, it has been broadcast since 1925. it helped make country
music popular around the world and helped make
97.wsm:
call
sign of the radio station that broadcasts the grand ole opry.
98.sun records:
record
company in
99.stax records: record company in
100. elvis presley: one of the first and most
influential rock and roll musicians. he was able to combine
traditional white and black folk, gospel, blues, and other music
to shape rock and roll.
101. estes kefauver: senator from
102. sam walton:
103. michael dell: founded dell computers,
which began selling computers directly to customers rather than
through stores, allowing customers to save money and have more
choice in what kind of computer they would have. it played a large role
in making the personal computer widespread.
104. ray kroc:
turned
mcdonald's into a nation-wide fast-food chain through the
franchise system, in which local businessmen purchase the right
to use the company's name and methods (which include turning out
food by a standardised, assembly-line method) and agree to buy
their supplies from the national company, allowing the chain to
spread while ensuring that its products are uniform across the
country. today
mcdonald's is the world's largest chain of fast-food hamburger
restaurants.
105. lee iococca:
executive
at ford and later chrysler who revived chrysler's business in
the 1980s after the decline of the american automobile industry
in the 1970s. he
saved chrysler in large part by convincing congress in 1979 to
bail out the failing company to save american jobs. he also introduced
cheap, fuel-efficient compact cars during the recession of the
early 1980s and sold the first minivan, which became the
best-selling type of car throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
106. donald trump: real estate developer and
businessman who recovered from bankruptcy in the late 1980s and
1990s, partly through using his famous name in the entertainment
industry.
107. bill gates:
founder
of microsoft, which created ms-dos and later windows, two of the
most widely-used operating systems in personal computers. windows eventually
became so dominant that microsoft was tried on charges of
monopolising the computer industry by packaging other programmes
with windows. it
became dominant because it was so easy to use and because other
companies were allowed to write programs that would run on it,
in contrast to apple computers for much of their early history.
108. steve jobs:
co-founder
of apple computers, which released the macintosh in 1984, the
first computer to have a graphical user interface that the user
controlled with a mouse rather than by typing (soon copied by
microsoft windows). apple
had problems in the 1990s, but brought back steve jobs (who had
left the company), who designed more stylish computers and other
devices such as the imac (1998), ipod (2001), iphone (2007), and
ipad (2010).
109. jeff bezos:
founder
of amazon.com, one of the first and most successful on-line
businesses.
110. nafta:
the
north american free trade agreement, created by presidents
george h. w. bush and bill clinton. it went into force in
1994, removing most trade barriers between the